Inflamação sistêmica e dilatação do átrio esquerdo na hemodiálise crônica sem doença cardiovascular conhecida / Systemic inflammation and left atrium dilation in chronic hemodialysis without overt cardiovascular disease

Objetivo: Verificar a presença de associações entre inflamação sistêmica e dilatação do átrio esquerdo (AE), em pacientes sob hemodiálise (HD) de manutenção, sem doença cardiovascular (DCV) clinicamente manifesta. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal em população sob HD (> 3 meses), excluindo-se pacientes com doença inflamatória crônica, infecções, neoplasias, instabilidade hemodinâmica, uso de drogas anti-inflamatórias, hiperparatireodismo, arritmias, valvopatia mitral e DCV prévia. Foram obtidas dosagens de proteína C reativa (PCR) e interleucina 6 (IL-6) e ecodopplercardiograma. Coeficientes de correlação foram determinados para avaliar as associações entre as variáveis. Resultados: Incluídos 58 pacientes (28 homens, idade 55 ± 15 anos), sob HD há 24 ± 16 meses, 45% hipertensos, 26% diabéticos, com medianas de PCR 5,1mg/ml e IL-6 6,1pg/ml. A PCR correlacionou-se, significativamente, com dimensão do AE (p= 0,040), volume indexado do AE (VIAE, p= 0,02) e onda E do fluxo mitral (p= 0,014). A IL-6, apesar da forte associação com a PCR (r= 0,75, p < 0,001), não se correlacionou com índices ecocardiográficos. Indivíduos no quartil superior da PCR tiveram VIAE, significativamente, maior do que os demais (42 ± 17 versus 32 ± 11, p= 0,015). Conclusão: Em indivíduos sob HD sem DCV prévia, houve associação entre elevação da PCR e aumento do AE. Os achados sugerem uma ligação entre processos fisiopatológicos relacionados à dilatação atrial esquerda e o estado inflamatório sistêmico de pacientes sob HD.

Objective: To verify associations between systemic infl ammation and left atrium (LA) dilatation in patients under maintenance hemodialysis (HD) without clinically overt cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: Observational cross-sectional study in population under HD (> 3 months), excluding patients with chronic infl ammatory disease, infections, neoplasia, hemodynamic instability, use of anti-infl ammatory drugs, hyperparathyroidism, arrhythmias, mitral valve disease and prior CVD. Measurements of C-reative protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), and echocardiograms were obtained. Correlation coeffi cients were determined to assess associations between variables. Results: The study comprised 58 patients (28 men, age 55 ± 15 years) under HD for 24 ± 16 months, 45% hypertensive, 26% diabetic, with median CRP 5.1 mg/ml and median IL-6 6.1 pg/ml. CRP was signifi cantly correlated with LA dimension (p= 0.040), indexed LA volume (p= 0.02), and mitral infl ow E-wave (p = 0.014). IL-6, despite the strong association with CRP (r= 0.75, p < 0.001), did not correlate with echocardiographic indexes. Individuals in the upper quartile of CRP had indexed LA volume significantly greater than the rest (42 ± 17 versus 32 ± 11, p= 0.015). Conclusion: In patients under HD without prior CVD, there was an association between elevated CRP and increased LA. The findings suggest a link between pathophysiological processes related to left atrial enlargement and systemic infl ammatory state of patients under HD.

Prevalência e impacto prognóstico da disfunção diastólica na doença renal crônica em hemodiálise / Prevalence and prognostic impact of diastolic dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis

FUNDAMENTO: Disfunção diastólica é frequente em pacientes de hemodiálise, mas seu impacto na evolução clínica é incerto. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência e o impacto prognóstico da disfunção diastólica (DD) avançada (DDA) do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) em pacientes de hemodiálise. MÉTODOS: Ecocardiogramas foram realizados em pacientes no primeiro ano de hemodiálise, em ritmo sinusal, sem doença cardiovascular manifestada, excluindo-se aqueles com valvopatia significativa ou derrame pericárdico. Pela avaliação integrada dos dados ecodopplercardiográficos, a função diastólica foi classificada como: 1) normal, 2) DD discreta (alteração do relaxamento) e 3) DDA (pseudonormalização e fluxo restritivo). Os desfechos pesquisados foram mortalidade geral e eventos cardiovasculares. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 129 pacientes (78 homens), com idade 52 ± 16 anos e prevalência de DD de 73 por cento (50 por cento com DD discreta e 23 por cento com DDA). No grupo com DDA, demonstrou-se maior idade (p < 0,01), pressão arterial sistólica (p < 0,01) e diastólica (p = 0,043), massa do VE (p < 0,01), índice do volume do átrio esquerdo (p < 0,01) e proporção de diabéticos (p = 0,019), além de menor fração de ejeção (p < 0,01). Após 17 ± 7 meses, a mortalidade geral foi significativamente maior naqueles com DDA, em comparação aos normais e com DD discreta (p = 0,012, log rank test). Na análise multivariada de Cox, a DDA foi preditiva de eventos cardiovasculares (hazard ratio 2,2, intervalo de confiança 1,1-4,3, p = 0,021) após ajuste para idade, gênero, diabete, massa do VE e fração de ejeção. CONCLUSÃO: A DDA subclínica foi encontrada em aproximadamente um quarto dos pacientes de hemodiálise e acarretou impacto prognóstico, independente de outros dados clínicos e ecocardiográficos.

BACKGROUND: Diastolic dysfunction (DD) is frequent in patients on hemodialysis (HD), but its impact on the clinical evolution is yet to be established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and prognostic impact of left ventricular (LV) advanced diastolic dysfunction (ADD) in patients on hemodialysis. METHODS: The echocardiograms were performed during the first year of HD therapy, in patients with sinus rhythm, with no evidence of cardiovascular disease, excluding those with significant valvopathy or pericardial effusion. The combined assessment of the Doppler echocardiographic data classified the diastolic dysfunction as: 1) normal diastolic function; 2) mild DD (relaxation alteration) and 3) ADD (pseudonormalization and restrictive flow pattern). The assessed outcomes were general mortality and cardiovascular events. RESULTS: A total of 129 patients (78 males), aged 52 ± 16 years, with a DD prevalence of 73 percent (50 percent with mild DD and 23 percent with ADD) were included in the study. The group with ADD was older (p < 0.01) and presented higher systolic (p < 0.01) and diastolic BP (p = 0.043), LV mass (p < 0.01), left atrial volume index (p < 0.01) and number of diabetic patients (p = 0.019), as well as lower ejection fraction (EF) (p < 0.01). After 17 ± 7 months, the general mortality was significantly higher in individuals with ADD, when compared to those with normal function and mild DD (p = 0.012, log rank test). At Cox multivariate analysis, ADD was predictive of cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 2.2; confidence interval: 1.1-4.3; p = 0.021) after adjusted for age, gender, diabetes, LV mass and EF. CONCLUSION: The subclinical ADD was identified in approximately 25 percent of the patients undergoing hemodialysis and had a prognostic impact, regardless of other clinical and echocardiographic data.

[Prevalence and prognostic impact of diastolic dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis]. / Prevalência e impacto prognóstico da disfunção diastólica na doença renal crônica em hemodiálise.

BACKGROUND: Diastolic dysfunction (DD) is frequent in patients on hemodialysis (HD), but its impact on the clinical evolution is yet to be established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and prognostic impact of left ventricular (LV) advanced diastolic dysfunction (ADD) in patients on hemodialysis. METHODS: The echocardiograms were performed during the first year of HD therapy, in patients with sinus rhythm, with no evidence of cardiovascular disease, excluding those with significant valvopathy or pericardial effusion. The combined assessment of the Doppler echocardiographic data classified the diastolic dysfunction as: 1) normal diastolic function; 2) mild DD (relaxation alteration) and 3) ADD (pseudonormalization and restrictive flow pattern). The assessed outcomes were general mortality and cardiovascular events. RESULTS: A total of 129 patients (78 males), aged 52 +/- 16 years, with a DD prevalence of 73% (50% with mild DD and 23% with ADD) were included in the study. The group with ADD was older (p < 0.01) and presented higher systolic (p < 0.01) and diastolic BP (p = 0.043), LV mass (p < 0.01), left atrial volume index (p < 0.01) and number of diabetic patients (p = 0.019), as well as lower ejection fraction (EF) (p < 0.01). After 17 +/- 7 months, the general mortality was significantly higher in individuals with ADD, when compared to those with normal function and mild DD (p = 0.012, log rank test). At Cox multivariate analysis, ADD was predictive of cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 2.2; confidence interval: 1.1-4.3; p = 0.021) after adjusted for age, gender, diabetes, LV mass and EF. CONCLUSION: The subclinical ADD was identified in approximately 25% of the patients undergoing hemodialysis and had a prognostic impact, regardless of other clinical and echocardiographic data.